Skip to content

進展保證

許多並行演算法提供非阻塞 (non-blocking) 的進展保證,例如 lock-freedom 和 wait-freedom。由於這些演算法通常非常複雜,因此很容易引入會阻塞演算法的錯誤。Lincheck 透過模型檢查策略,協助您發現存活性錯誤。

若要檢查演算法的進展保證,請在 ModelCheckingOptions() 中啟用 checkObstructionFreedom 選項:

kotlin
ModelCheckingOptions().checkObstructionFreedom()

建立一個 ConcurrentMapTest.kt 檔案。 接著加入以下測試,以偵測 Java 標準程式庫中的 ConcurrentHashMap::put(key: K, value: V) 是否為阻塞操作:

kotlin
import java.util.concurrent.*
import org.jetbrains.lincheck.*
import org.jetbrains.lincheck.datastructures.*
import org.junit.*

class ConcurrentHashMapTest {
    private val map = ConcurrentHashMap<Int, Int>()

    @Operation
    fun put(key: Int, value: Int) = map.put(key, value)

    @Test
    fun modelCheckingTest() = ModelCheckingOptions()
        .actorsBefore(1) // To init the HashMap
        .actorsPerThread(1)
        .actorsAfter(0)
        .minimizeFailedScenario(false)
        .checkObstructionFreedom()
        .check(this::class)
}

執行 modelCheckingTest()。您應該會得到以下結果:

text
= Obstruction-freedom is required but a lock has been found =
| ---------------------- |
|  Thread 1  | Thread 2  |
| ---------------------- |
| put(1, -1) |           |
| ---------------------- |
| put(2, -2) | put(3, 2) |
| ---------------------- |

---
All operations above the horizontal line | ----- | happen before those below the line
---

The following interleaving leads to the error:
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|                                         Thread 1                                         |                                         Thread 2                                         |
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|                                                                                          | put(3, 2)                                                                                |
|                                                                                          |   put(3,2) at ConcurrentHashMapTest.put(ConcurrentMapTest.kt:11)                         |
|                                                                                          |     putVal(3,2,false) at ConcurrentHashMap.put(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1006)              |
|                                                                                          |       table.READ: Node[]@1 at ConcurrentHashMap.putVal(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1014)      |
|                                                                                          |       tabAt(Node[]@1,0): Node@1 at ConcurrentHashMap.putVal(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1018) |
|                                                                                          |       MONITORENTER at ConcurrentHashMap.putVal(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1031)              |
|                                                                                          |       tabAt(Node[]@1,0): Node@1 at ConcurrentHashMap.putVal(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1032) |
|                                                                                          |       next.READ: null at ConcurrentHashMap.putVal(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1046)           |
|                                                                                          |       switch                                                                             |
| put(2, -2)                                                                               |                                                                                          |
|   put(2,-2) at ConcurrentHashMapTest.put(ConcurrentMapTest.kt:11)                        |                                                                                          |
|     putVal(2,-2,false) at ConcurrentHashMap.put(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1006)             |                                                                                          |
|       table.READ: Node[]@1 at ConcurrentHashMap.putVal(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1014)      |                                                                                          |
|       tabAt(Node[]@1,0): Node@1 at ConcurrentHashMap.putVal(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1018) |                                                                                          |
|       MONITORENTER at ConcurrentHashMap.putVal(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1031)              |                                                                                          |
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |

現在讓我們為非阻塞的 ConcurrentSkipListMap<K, V> 加入測試,並預期該測試能成功通過:

kotlin
class ConcurrentSkipListMapTest {
    private val map = ConcurrentSkipListMap<Int, Int>()

    @Operation
    fun put(key: Int, value: Int) = map.put(key, value)

    @Test
    fun modelCheckingTest() = ModelCheckingOptions()
        .checkObstructionFreedom()
        .check(this::class)
}

常見的非阻塞進展保證如下(由強到弱):

  • wait-freedom:無論其他執行緒做什麼,每個操作都能在有限的步驟內完成。
  • lock-freedom:保證系統層級的進展,即使某個特定操作可能卡住,但至少會有一個操作能在有限的步驟內完成。
  • obstruction-freedom:如果所有其他執行緒都暫停,任何操作都能在有限的步驟內完成。

目前 Lincheck 僅支援 obstruction-freedom 進展保證。然而,大多數實際發生的存活性錯誤都是因為加入了非預期的阻塞程式碼,因此 obstruction-freedom 檢查對於 lock-free 和 wait-free 演算法也會有所幫助。

下一步

了解如何明確地指定測試演算法的循序規格,以提高 Lincheck 測試的穩健性。