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进展保证

许多并发算法提供非阻塞的进展保证,例如无锁和无等待。由于它们通常不平凡(复杂),很容易添加一个会阻塞算法的 bug。Lincheck 可以使用模型检测策略帮助您发现活跃性 bug。

要检查算法的进展保证,请在 ModelCheckingOptions() 中启用 checkObstructionFreedom 选项:

kotlin
ModelCheckingOptions().checkObstructionFreedom()

创建一个 ConcurrentMapTest.kt 文件。 然后添加以下测试,以检测 Java 标准库中的 ConcurrentHashMap::put(key: K, value: V) 是一个阻塞操作:

kotlin
import org.jetbrains.kotlinx.lincheck.*
import org.jetbrains.kotlinx.lincheck.annotations.*
import org.jetbrains.kotlinx.lincheck.strategy.managed.modelchecking.*
import org.junit.*
import java.util.concurrent.*

class ConcurrentHashMapTest {
    private val map = ConcurrentHashMap<Int, Int>()

    @Operation
    fun put(key: Int, value: Int) = map.put(key, value)

    @Test
    fun modelCheckingTest() = ModelCheckingOptions()
        .actorsBefore(1) // To init the HashMap
        .actorsPerThread(1)
        .actorsAfter(0)
        .minimizeFailedScenario(false)
        .checkObstructionFreedom()
        .check(this::class)
}

运行 modelCheckingTest()。您应该得到以下结果:

text
= Obstruction-freedom is required but a lock has been found =
| ---------------------- |
|  Thread 1  | Thread 2  |
| ---------------------- |
| put(1, -1) |           |
| ---------------------- |
| put(2, -2) | put(3, 2) |
| ---------------------- |

---
All operations above the horizontal line | ----- | happen before those below the line
---

The following interleaving leads to the error:
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|                                         Thread 1                                         |                                         Thread 2                                         |
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|                                                                                          | put(3, 2)                                                                                |
|                                                                                          |   put(3,2) at ConcurrentHashMapTest.put(ConcurrentMapTest.kt:11)                         |
|                                                                                          |     putVal(3,2,false) at ConcurrentHashMap.put(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1006)              |
|                                                                                          |       table.READ: Node[]@1 at ConcurrentHashMap.putVal(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1014)      |
|                                                                                          |       tabAt(Node[]@1,0): Node@1 at ConcurrentHashMap.putVal(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1018) |
|                                                                                          |       MONITORENTER at ConcurrentHashMap.putVal(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1031)              |
|                                                                                          |       tabAt(Node[]@1,0): Node@1 at ConcurrentHashMap.putVal(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1032) |
|                                                                                          |       next.READ: null at ConcurrentHashMap.putVal(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1046)           |
|                                                                                          |       switch                                                                             |
| put(2, -2)                                                                               |                                                                                          |
|   put(2,-2) at ConcurrentHashMapTest.put(ConcurrentMapTest.kt:11)                        |                                                                                          |
|     putVal(2,-2,false) at ConcurrentHashMap.put(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1006)             |                                                                                          |
|       table.READ: Node[]@1 at ConcurrentHashMap.putVal(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1014)      |                                                                                          |
|       tabAt(Node[]@1,0): Node@1 at ConcurrentHashMap.putVal(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1018) |                                                                                          |
|       MONITORENTER at ConcurrentHashMap.putVal(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1031)              |                                                                                          |
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |

现在,让我们为非阻塞的 ConcurrentSkipListMap<K, V> 添加一个测试,预期测试将成功通过:

kotlin
class ConcurrentSkipListMapTest {
    private val map = ConcurrentSkipListMap<Int, Int>()

    @Operation
    fun put(key: Int, value: Int) = map.put(key, value)

    @Test
    fun modelCheckingTest() = ModelCheckingOptions()
        .checkObstructionFreedom()
        .check(this::class)
}

TIP

常见的非阻塞进展保证(从强到弱)包括:

  • 无等待(wait-freedom):无论其他线程做什么,每个操作都在有界步数内完成。

  • 无锁(lock-freedom):保证系统范围的进展,即至少一个操作在有界步数内完成,而某个特定操作可能会卡住。

  • 无阻塞性(obstruction-freedom):如果所有其他线程暂停,任何操作都在有界步数内完成。

目前,Lincheck 仅支持无阻塞性进展保证。然而,大多数现实生活中的活跃性 bug 会添加意外的阻塞代码,因此无阻塞性检查也将有助于无锁和无等待算法。

NOTE

下一步

了解如何明确指定被测算法的顺序规范,从而提高 Lincheck 测试的健壮性。